Parenting Styles
From AS/PSYC1010 Wiki
Group #9: Nelson Cordeiro, Efrat Zafrani, Antoniette Di Trani, Andrea Jaramillo, Mimi Saleh
Inquiry Question
WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY PSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOMES FOR A CHILD BASED ON THE THREE MAIN PARENTING STYLES IDENTIFIED BY PSYCHOLOGISTS?
Related Questions
- Are the effects that occur only psychological or are there other effects?
- Are there factors that can affect parenting styles?
- Are the outcomes different with either parent, even with similiar patenting styles?
- Are there other systems for characterizing parenting styles, or do all the researchers agree that using these three categories is the best system?
- How is the research done -- self reports from parents, or observations of parent-child interactions in a laboratory setting, or observations in the home?
- Has anyone studied parenting styles in cultures other than North America? Are there differences in either styles or in the effects of the styles in different cultures?
- Why are parenting styles important?
- Do parents have an influence on their child's school achievement?
Key Terms Found in Resources Related to The Question
- Socialization
- Role- playing
- Child rearing
- Child Development
- School Achievement
Historical Background to The Issues Involved in The Inquiry Question
The definition of parenting styles is consistent with some of the earliest research on socialization, conducted during the 3rd and 4th decades of the 20th century. Interests in the influence of parents'behavior on child development was a natural out growth of both behaviourist and Freudian theory. Child behaviourists were interested in how the patterning of reinforcement in the near environment shaped development. Freudian theorists, in contrast, argued that the basic determinants of development were biological and inevitably in conflict with parental desires and societal requiremnts.
Darling, Nancya; Steinberg, Laurencea. Parenting Style as Context: An Integrative Model. Psychological Bullentin 1993 Vol 113, Issue: 3
Psychologists Associated With The Question
Diana Baumrind
Diana Baumarind is a clinical and developmental psychologist at the Institute of Human Development at the University of California, Berkley where she also received her Ph.D. She is known for her research on parenting styles and for her critique of deception in psychological research.Diane Baumrind created this concept of the parenting style.
The construct of parenting style is used to capture normal variations in parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children. Two points are critical in understanding this definition. First, parenting style is meant to describe normal variations in parenting. In other words, the parenting style typology Baumrind developed should not be understood to include deviant parenting, such as might be observed in abusive or neglectful homes. Second, Baumrind assumes that normal parenting revolves around issues of control. Although parents may differ in how they try to control or socialize their children and the extent to which they do so, it is assumed that the primary role of all parents is to influence, teach, and control their children.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
Introduction
The Importance of Parenting
The way parents interact with their children has a direct effect on their development – their level of confidence and self-esteem, their sense of security, their emotional well-being, the way they relate to others, how they deal with authority, and their performance in school. Parenting is a many-faceted role. As parents, we are physical caretakers, providers of basic needs, teachers, counselors, mentors, coaches and lifelong friends. Each of these roles is important, but perhaps one of the most important is the parental role of teacher. Developmental scientists have recognized that parents who use power and authority towards thier child will later notice that even though the child obeys they are most likely to show anger and frustration when the parent is not present. On the other hand parents who are consistent with expectations and communicate firmly, as well as openly listen to their child's views, will drastically enhance compliance and cooperation from the child.
Thompson, Ross A. Child Development. Microsoft Student 2007 [DVD]. Redmond,Wa: Microsoft Corporation, 2006.
This site particularly emphasizes the importance between the relationship between the family environment and the child growing up as it plays a heavy role on the child’s well-being. This site has many sub-headings; however Parenting Practices is the heading that is most relevant to our inquiry question. Once again, it speaks of and describes the common parenting styles and the various outcomes of the behaviours of children. This portion reflects the importance of developmental outcomes due to the quality of the relationship between caregivers and their children and how it ultimately affects the child into adulthood.
The Well-Being of Canada's Young Child: Government of Canada Report, 2003 http://www.socialunion.ca/ecd/2003/report2_e/c3e.html
Define The Different Parenting Styles
Authoritative- These parents combine warmth and support with enforcement of rules and use of sanctions when necessary.The parent attempts to direct the child's activities but in a rational, issue-oriented manner. Also the parent encourages verbal give and take, shares with the child the reasoning behind their policy, and solicits the child's objections when they refuse to conform. This parenting style includes consistency, affection and parents are interested in children as individuals. Also they are able to communicate clearly their expectations for responsible behaviour.
Permissive/Indulgent - Parents are high on responsiveness but low on demandingness. These parents take a tolerant, accepting attitude toward the child’s impulses, use little punishment, and avoid asserting authority or imposing controls or restrictions.hey are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation" (Baumrind, 1991, p. 62). Indulgent parents may be further divided into two types: democratic parents, who, though lenient, are more conscientious, engaged, and committed to the child, and nondirective parents.
Authoritarian- Parents are high on control but low on responsiveness. They emphasize rigid behaviour standards, place a premium on obedience, and are emotionally distant and unresponsive.The parent attempts to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set standard of conduct, usually an absolute standard, theologically motivated and formulated by a higher authority. These parents offer little nurturance and affection.
Uninvolved – Parents who are low on both demandingness and responsiveness are labeled uninvolved. These parents maintain a cold and distant relationship with their child. Oftentimes such parents respond to intrusions by their child with hostility and rejections.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
Psychological Outcomes (Briefly Described)
Authoritative Parenting
- Lively and happy disposition
- Self-confident about ability to master tasks
- Well developed emotion regulation
- Developed social skills
- Less rigid about gender-typed traits (exp: sensitivity in boys and independence in girls)
Authoritarian Parenting
- Anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy disposition
- Poor reactions to frustration (girls are particularly likely to give up and boys become especially hostile)
- Do well in school (studies may show authoritative parenting is comparable)
- Not likely to engage in antisocial activities (exp: drug and alcohol abuse, vandalism, gangs)"
Permissive Parenting
- Poor emotion regulation (under regulated)
- Rebellious and defiant when desires are challenged
- Low persistence to challenging tasks
- Antisocial behaviors
Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88
Research Methods
- Observational (Naturalistic Approach)
This paper reviews findings from personality and family studies that have revealed three prototypical personalities and parenting styles, such as, Authorative, Authoritarian and Permisive. These prototypes are theorized to by synonymous with attractor basin in psychological state space. The connections between family types and personality structure as well as future direction of typological research were discussed with this paper. This paper provides empirical evidence and self reports by employing observational experiments to indicate to personality development of a child and observing the behaviors of the child and the present during the process. The information gathered from this paper provideds some clarity of the development of the child and the parent, by focusing on their behavior in a naturalistic setting, but structured in a systematic manner.
Mandara,Jelania. The Typological Approach in Child and Family Psychology: A Review of Theory, Methods, and Research]. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2003 (Vol: 6, Issue: 2) pp. 129-146.
The journal discusses a longitudinal study that was conducted on a sample of 451 families with a child in the eighth grade at the time of study. The research examined four parenting styles; authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and uninvolved and provides definitions for all four parenting styles. The study investigates the outcomes of the children when parents discipline their child using two different parenting styles. There are three research questions that have been addressed through out this article. First, how mothers and fathers vary amongst the four parenting styles mentioned above. Secondly, the approach in the combination of individual parenting styles to form family parenting styles. Lastly, and most important, how these various styles combined relate to the outcomes of a child becoming an adolescent. In addition, it discusses that the best outcomes of an adolescent is that in which there are two authoritative parents. It reviews consequences of the outcomes of an adolescent when other parenting styles are combined.
Conger, D. Rand, Simons, Gordon, Leslie Linking Mother-Father Differences in Parenting to a Typology of Family Parenting Styles and Adolescent Outcomes Journal of Family Issues. Vol. 28(2), Sage Publications, 2007, pp 212-241
This article conducted an empirical and quantitative study using adolescents at the age of 16 and looked at their relationship with their parents who used harsh discipline over the child’s lifetime and related symptoms such as low self-esteem and depression to be the effects of the parents’ choice of child-rearing. It is significant to recognize that child rearing practices will have long-term effects on the child growing up as it affects their social and emotional functioning as well as their developmental tasks.
Bender, Heather, Allen, Joseph P, McElhaney, Kathleen Boykin, Antonishak, Jill, Moore, Cynthia M, Kelly, Heather O'Beirne, Davis, Steven M. Development and Psychopathology. Vol 19(1), Win 2007, pp. 227-242
Where do Parenting Beliefs and Behaviours Come From?
Chapter 2 provides background information on how and why parents choose the style they do. For instance, values, cultural and social groups. Other behaviours occur because of parents who work, family, and friends. Parents’ beliefs about what they should do develop from many different kinds of experiences anything from their own family to past and present, and with their culture. This affects what parents may do on a daily basis, thus affecting their children’s outcomes.
Brook, B. Jane. The Process of Parenting 4th edition. Mayfield Publishing Company, California, 1996.
Are The Effects That Occur Only Psychological or are There Other Effects?
This article goes over the importance of a parents guide in a child’s life and how it can have immediate and lasting effects on the child’s social and academic achievement. It emphasizes the positive effects when a child is growing up in a warm, supportive and responsive atmosphere. The overall article is extremely advantageous as it not only talks about the benefits of having authoritative parents but also reviews the importance of evaluating child-rearing practices in a much broader context such as ethnic/racial/cultural and socioeconomic groups.
Parenting Styles and Child Social Development http://www.excellence-earlychildhood.ca/documents/BornsteinANGxp.pdf
RESOURCES--ACADEMIC BOOKS
This book discusses the importance of family behaviour and child behaviour. Depending on the parenting style being used the child will respond in the same manner as they are being raised. As the child grows, parents have to adapt to certain changes. It also explains how socioeconomic status and family functioning affects parenting styles and child development, and how poverty negatively impacts a child's development and parenting. This source further goes in depth about the three main stlyes of child-rearing and it explains why authoritative parenting is the most effective. A great part of this book emphasizes how results vary according to cultural beliefs and practices. It finally mentions the relationship between child-rearing and academic achievement and the importance of parent-school involvement.
Berk, Laura E. 2002. Infants, Children and Adolescents. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Fourth Edition. Pg 74-77, 396-399, 579-580.
Diana Baumrind states that authoriatative parents are the most effective in raising children who have good social skills and are self-confident and self-assertive. This research helped teachers find a balance between authoritarian and permissive.
Fraser, Susan. 1934. Authentic Childhood: Experiencing Reggio Emilia in the Classroom. Toronto, Ontario: Joanna Cotton. 2nd Edition. Pg 54.
This page provides the reader with definitions of the three main parenting styles and gives specific examples on various ways to teach children how to do certain things such as eating and handling food, using the three parenting styles.
Miller, Darla Ferris. 2004. Positive Child Guidance. Clifton Park, NY: Joy Kossis. 4th Edition. Pg 38.
This source discusses Baumrind's model giving both pros and cons. There is research based on 103 preschool children from ninety-five families. She explains the consequences or typical behaviour patterns of children raised according to each parenting style. Aside from the three discussed parenting styles, a fourth one is briefly mentioned by Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin. It considers cultural differences in parenting styles. Among the information provided to the reader, this book also discusses the influence parenting has on school achievement based on a study which states that the highest achieving students in grade five have authoritative parents.
Papalia, Diane E, Sally Wendkos Olds, Ruth Duslan Feldman, Richard Kruk. 2004. A Child's World: Infancy Through Adolescence. Canada: McGraw Hill. Pg 238, 284-285, 332, 420-421, 447.
The three main parenting styles are stated by Diane Baumrind and the different advantages and disadvantages related to the consequences of children's behaviour are explained.
Wood, Samuel E. 2005. The World of Psychology. Boston, MA: Pearson Allyn and Bacon. Fourth Edition. Pg 270-272.
Chapter 2 talks about the importance of parental involvement and the outcome of children when parents use authoritative discipline. Diana Baumrind has conducted a careful research using empirical study on the effects of parents’ child-rearing practices on children’s behaviour. The results suggest that parents who are accepting and who also provide structure and have limits (authoritative style) have a competent child whereas children growing up in homes where parents are uninvolved and tend to be impulsive (permissive style) become moody adults and find it difficult to control aggression.
Brook, B. Jane. The Process of Parenting 4th edition. Mayfield Publishing Company, California, 1996.
RESOURCES--JOURNALS & ARTICLES
Cultural Differences within parenting styles
When examining the psychological outcome of a child from the primary parenting styles, one needs to take into account that there are cultural differences as to how parenting styles and methods are applied . Cultures have different meaning systems, social rules and norms that can be associated with other factors, such as religion and politics. Different cultures have different set of ideas and how we interpreted them differ from culture to culture.
This article explores the the culturual differences within the styles of parenting, by comparing not only the differences but also the similairites within their cultures ( Asian and Indian) by focusing on the parenting goals and practices by placing their attention on the Authoritative and Authoritarian parenting styles. Also the contrast between these two cultures highlight the importance of considering parents' socialization goals and beliefs in cross-cultural studies and of child rearing.
Rao, N., McHale, J. & Pearson, E. Links between socialization goals and child-rearing practices in Chinese and Indian mothers. Infant and Child Development, 12, 2003. Pg 475-492.
This journal also focuses on cross cultural differences on parenting styles, within Arab societies. The method used to indicate the differences within this cultural society is that of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to 2,893 Arab adolescents in eight Arab societies. Results show that all parenting styles differed across Arab societies. Cluster analysis revealed three combined parenting patterns: inconsistent (permissive and authoritarian), controlling (authoritarian and authoritative), and flexible (authoritative and permissive). The mean score of the authoritarian style was higher among males, whereas the mean score of the authoritative style was higher among females.
Dwairy, Marwan; Achoui, Mustafa; Abouserie, Reda; Farah, Adnan; Sakhleh, Anaya A; Fayad, Mona; Khan, Hassan K. Parenting Styles in Arab Societies: A First Cross-Regional Research Study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Vol 37(3), May 2006. Pg. 230-247 http://search0.scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ids70/view_record.php?id=2&recnum=5&SID=3181668ddd42b22ac9ff233feeb5b420&mark_id=search%3A2%3A0%2C0%2C25
This article discusses the influence of the different parenting styles using a sample of 548 Asian adolescents. In particular there is a section that is most relevant to our inquiry question in which it talks about the impact of the paternal parenting style versus maternal parenting style, and the effects of the parenting styles.
Journal of Orthopsychiatry. Vol 76(4), Oct 2006, pp. 503-511
This journal is based on the relationship between parenting styles, adolescents' attributions and four educational outcomes. It is focused on a study involving adolescents from nine different high schools during the 1987-1988 and 1988-1989 school years. The results show that adolescents who saw their parents as nonauthoritative have a lower achievement due to external causes. This directly causes lower rates of involvement in school.
Glasgow, Kristan L., Sanford M. Dornbusch, Lisa Troyer, Laurence Steinberg, and Phillip L. Ritter. Parenting styles, adolescents' attributions, and educational outcomes in nine heterogeneous high schools. Child Development 68.n3 (June 1997): 507(23). InfoTrac Psychology eCollection. Thomson Gale. Vaughan Public Libraries (CELPLO). 5 Apr. 2007 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&docId=A19753448&source=gale&srcprod=SP15&userGroupName=thor86190&version=1.0>.
RESOURCES--WEB SOURCES
In this article there is a section called "TEACH YOUR CHILDREN WELL" where certain psychologists explain what the three main types of parenting styles are and the similarities and differences between them. Also the psychologist emphasizes how the "authoritative" style is the best way to raise a child. This is due to the fact that there is a balance between being firm with a child and at the same time being willing to listen and negotiate. Another significant point mentioned in this article is based on a child's moral identity and how social influences are essential for a robust development. This article is important because it is based on empirical evidence.
Child Development, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007 http://ca.encarta.msn.com © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Source: Reprinted with permission. Copyright August 1999 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved. Microsoft Encarta 2007. 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
This article summarizes the different ways in which parents influence their child's development according to the various parenting styles. It explains the effects that each parenting style has on a child within the domains of social competence, academic performance, psychosocial development and problem behaviour. The article also goes in depth about the importance of having a balance in the way parents raise their children.
http://www.athealth.com/Practitioner/ceduc/parentingstyles.html Source: Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education Author: Nancy Darling, PhD, MS EDO-PS-99-3, March 1999 PARENTING STYLES AND ITS CORRELATES
A top story was conducted by CTV news on the results of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) which proposed that parenting styles can change child behaviour. This is quite significant because in all other articles it was revealed that a specific parenting style has a life-long effect on a child’s outcome and failed to notify what the outcomes of this child would be if indeed the parenting style of the parent did change. This article allows for some optimism as the study showed that if the parenting style does change, so does the child’s behaviour. In addition, it must be recognized that change is difficult to perceive, therefore a longitudinal study over a period of time helps pin point such changes in a child’s behaviour if they do occur.
http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1109008097297_104417297/?hub=TopStories
